Oxaliplatin (CAS 61825-94-3): A Comprehensive Product Introduction
Oxaliplatin, with the CAS number 61825-94-3, is a remarkable pharmaceutical compound that has gained significant attention in the medical and research fields. This platinum-based chemotherapy drug is known for its unique properties and wide – ranging applications. In this in – depth introduction, we will explore the various aspects of Oxaliplatin, including its chemical nature, uses, applications in different industries, and the methods of its preparation.
Chemical Properties of Oxaliplatin
Oxaliplatin has a specific chemical structure that contributes to its biological activity. Its chemical formula is C₈H₁₄N₂O₄Pt. The compound is a coordination complex where the platinum atom is central, coordinated with two nitrogen atoms from the 1,2 – diaminocyclohexane (DACH) ligand and two oxygen atoms from the oxalate ligand. This unique coordination gives Oxaliplatin its stability and distinct reactivity.
It is a white to off – white crystalline powder, which is sparingly soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. The melting point of Oxaliplatin is around 178 – 182 °C. These physical properties are crucial for its formulation and delivery in pharmaceutical applications. The solubility characteristics determine how it can be administered, for example, whether it can be dissolved in a suitable solvent for intravenous injection.
Mechanism of Action
Oxaliplatin exerts its anti – cancer effects through a well – defined mechanism. Once inside the cell, the oxalate ligand is displaced by water molecules, forming reactive aquated species. These species then react with the DNA of cancer cells, specifically binding to the guanine and adenine bases. The binding of Oxaliplatin to DNA causes intra – strand and inter – strand cross – links, which disrupt the normal DNA replication and transcription processes. As a result, the cancer cells are unable to divide and grow, ultimately leading to cell death.
One of the unique features of Oxaliplatin compared to other platinum – based drugs is its ability to overcome some of the resistance mechanisms developed by cancer cells. This is mainly due to its different chemical structure and the way it interacts with DNA, making it an effective option for treating certain types of cancers that are resistant to other chemotherapy agents.
Medical Uses of Oxaliplatin
Oxaliplatin is primarily used in the treatment of various types of cancers. It is commonly used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs, such as fluorouracil and leucovorin, in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. In clinical trials, Oxaliplatin – based regimens have shown significant improvements in overall survival and progression – free survival rates for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
It is also being investigated for the treatment of other cancers, including gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer. In gastric cancer, Oxaliplatin – containing chemotherapy regimens have demonstrated efficacy in both neoadjuvant (before surgery) and adjuvant (after surgery) settings, helping to shrink tumors and reduce the risk of recurrence.
Applications in Research
In the research field, Oxaliplatin serves as an important tool for studying DNA – platinum interactions. Scientists use Oxaliplatin to understand how platinum – based drugs bind to DNA, the types of cross – links formed, and the cellular response to these DNA adducts. This research is crucial for the development of new and more effective platinum – based anti – cancer drugs.
Oxaliplatin is also used in cell culture studies to investigate the mechanisms of cancer cell resistance and sensitivity. By exposing cancer cells to Oxaliplatin in vitro, researchers can identify the genes and signaling pathways involved in the response to the drug, which can lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
Industrial Applications
In the pharmaceutical industry, Oxaliplatin is a key ingredient in the production of chemotherapy drugs. Pharmaceutical companies are involved in the large – scale synthesis, formulation, and packaging of Oxaliplatin – based products. The production process requires strict quality control to ensure the purity and efficacy of the final drug product.
Moreover, Oxaliplatin is used in the development of new drug delivery systems. Scientists are exploring ways to improve the solubility, stability, and targeting ability of Oxaliplatin by encapsulating it in nanoparticles or liposomes. These new delivery systems can enhance the drug’s effectiveness and reduce its side effects.
Preparation Methods of Oxaliplatin
There are several methods for preparing Oxaliplatin. One of the common methods starts with the reaction of potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K₂PtCl₄) with 1,2 – diaminocyclohexane (DACH) to form a platinum – DACH complex. This reaction is usually carried out in an aqueous solution under controlled conditions of temperature and pH.
The resulting platinum – DACH complex is then reacted with sodium oxalate to introduce the oxalate ligand and form Oxaliplatin. The reaction conditions, such as the molar ratio of reactants, reaction time, and temperature, need to be carefully optimized to obtain a high – yield and pure product. After the reaction, the product is purified through a series of steps, including filtration, washing, and recrystallization.
Another approach involves the use of different platinum precursors and alternative reaction pathways. Some methods use platinum(II) nitrate or platinum(II) acetate as starting materials, which can offer certain advantages in terms of reaction selectivity and product quality. However, these methods also require careful control of reaction conditions to ensure the successful synthesis of Oxaliplatin.
Safety and Side Effects
Like all chemotherapy drugs, Oxaliplatin has some associated side effects. The most common side effects include neurotoxicity, which can manifest as numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet. This neurotoxicity is often dose – dependent and can be exacerbated by exposure to cold temperatures.
Other side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. These side effects can significantly affect the quality of life of patients undergoing Oxaliplatin – based chemotherapy. However, with proper management and supportive care, many of these side effects can be minimized. For example, anti – emetic drugs can be used to control nausea and vomiting, and nutritional support can help manage diarrhea and fatigue.
Regulatory Status
Oxaliplatin is a well – regulated drug in most countries. It has been approved by major regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of specific cancers. The approval process involves rigorous clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the drug.
Pharmaceutical companies manufacturing Oxaliplatin – based products need to comply with strict quality control and manufacturing standards, such as Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). This ensures that the drug products are of high quality, safe, and effective for patient use.
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